Wednesday, June 13, 2012

Final Essay



Piracy is one of the largest issues with the technological age, and there is a major effort being put forward by government legislation to stop it however they can. Piracy affects music, video games, books, movies, music videos and audio books, causing massive losses to the respective industries those products are manufactured in. Perhaps the largest impact piracy has is on the independent product developers, who don’t have large fanbases who will purchase their products, and don’t have support from the major companies to advertise and distribute mass quantities of their product. While independent music is impacted the most by a single act of piracy in the music industry, there are many factors involved with the detailing of piracy that make determining who is most impacted by piracy overall.
The issue of piracy has sprung into the limelight recently, with members of Congress attempting to force two anti-piracy bills through before much controversy could sprout from them. These bills were called the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and Protect Intellectual Property Act (PIPA), and with heavy support from the video game, music and movie industries, these bills nearly passed. While these bills had a noble goal in stopping possibly the greatest loss of revenue in our nation’s history, they went about it the wrong way, instead increasing the definition of piracy to include simple streaming of copyrighted content on a website, and it granted the government the power to effectively shut down any website deemed to have copyrighted content without permission, which with the widened definition, would include almost every website online at this moment, including government sites as well. If the government is willing to take such extreme risks to shut down piracy, it clearly must have a huge negative impact on the economy as a whole, and in particular the music, video game and movie industries.
The scope of piracy in itself is a way to get what you want without having to suffer consequences, whether those consequences are money, shame of walking into a theatre, or other dire concerns people have. To that extent, when the anti-piracy bills SOPA and PIPA came out, their supporters claimed that the US Economy lost $200 to $250 billion per year from piracy. If those numbers are to be true, that’s over $800 per citizen in America, and the combined wealth of approximately 750,000 jobs. However, Cato Institute’s Julian Sanchez proved that the numbers were horribly off, and the government released a statement stating that the figures “cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology,” so they are to be ignored completely. A much more conservative estimate was produced by the Institute for Policy Innovation; their grand total was a mere $58 billion. However, Sanchez again proved these numbers to be wrong, as these inflated the numbers intentionally, double-counting and sometimes even triple-counting instances of piracy (Raustiala/Sprigman). As of now, there is no knowledge of the exact impact that piracy plays on the industry, but it is definitely not as large as it has been made out to be in the past.
While it may be near impossible to predict the impact of piracy on the industry, it may be even smaller than previous estimates have predicted. Robert G. Hammond, a professor of Economics at North Carolina State University, submitted an analysis stating that piracy may not cause lost sales, but the contrary; albums pirated more often actually sell more copies than albums that aren’t pirated very frequently. "If it's an artist you've never heard of or have [never] listened to, you're coming to it with a clean slate, so there's a good chance you're not going to like it," he says. "If you already know the artist, you're just downloading to make sure it's not a clunker—if you like it, you'll still go out and buy it." However, he later states that this may not be an improvement of the industry; comparing piracy to Coca Cola advertisements, people will buy Coca Cola after seeing them, but there may not be more people overall purchasing soda beverages, meaning that it may not necessarily be good for the overall music industry (Koebler).
In order to judge why piracy makes such a big impact on all these industries, we first must define what exactly piracy is, and other related terms that are often combined within piracy. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the definition of piracy is, “the unauthorized use of another's production, invention, or conception especially in infringement of a copyright.” (Merriam-Webster) This is a very broad definition, and in fact is not a very suitable definition of piracy, as playing music in a public place could be defined as piracy, using this loose definition. As such, piracy is more often redefined as, “the illegal use or download of copyrighted material from unauthorized sources.” With this redefinition in place, it’s clear to see how piracy can be a big issue; downloading anything you want for free, and with almost no way to tell you have done it. However, upon research being done into the issue of piracy, some people find that internet pirates, a term used to clump together everyone who has committed piracy, actually fall into two categories; people who would have bought the product if piracy wasn’t an option, and people who wouldn’t have bought the product. These two groups are lumped together as “lost sales,” though upon closer inspection, those who otherwise wouldn’t buy the product aren’t a lost sale, rather than an acquired fan that may in the future purchase similar products. A lost sale would be someone in a middle class family in a first world country, choosing to save his allowance to buy a guitar instead of his rock idol’s newest album, rather than a poor starving child in an underdeveloped nation, who has to choose between food and music. As well, in a worst case scenario, Merge co-founder Laura Ballance states that “sometimes these bootleg sites are the ONLY WAY to get a hold of certain artists’ music.”(Rossmure)
In many instances of the aforementioned scenario, those certain artists are independent musicians. However, what defines an independent musician is also up for debate. The most common and widespread definition is a musician who is not signed onto one of the major record companies, like Warner Music Group or Universal Music Group, or their subsidiaries. However, there is a growing mindset where “indie” music is entirely a do-it-yourself mentality, from writing to producing to shipping, and even some define it as being signed to a record label that isn’t owned by one of the major record companies, essentially splitting the original definition in half. However, this is a very minute and unpopular definition; the majority still define independent musicians as the former.
Being an indie band is a major commitment; many bands are DIY projects, with very little outside help, save for one or two producers who they were friends with before they started making music. Any failure of an album release could result in a significant loss in income, and as a result, could make a band crumble and disintegrate. Bang Camaro, a hard rock band containing anywhere from 14 to 25 members at a time, fell victim to this issue, when their albums didn’t sell well enough to support such a massive group of guys with heavy desires for alcoholic beverages of the Jack Daniels variety. Despite having a relatively large fanbase for an independent band, the large demand for income for travelling as well as keeping the band alive was too taxing for them to afford. Once they released their second album to try and stay afloat, they began trying to tour again, but organizing a group of that many people at once is difficult, and very few of them could commit to a tour which would keep the band’s net worth around zero, if maybe slightly positive. (Necochea)
Now, with both independent music and piracy defined, we can adequately detail the problems indie musicians face against people who download their music for free. The most direct comparison one can make with independent music is to mainstream musicians, bands signed to record labels owned by the major record companies. Using the most popular source for legally acquiring music for mainstream bands, iTunes, and assuming a $9.99 album is being sold, the record labels take over half the profits, at $5.35, whereas the musicians take in a measly 94 cents, the remainder of which is profit for iTunes. For the band to make the minimum wage for a month, their album has to sell over 1,200 copies, which given the fact that they are mainstream bands, is not as difficult as it sounds. Compare this to BandCamp, the equivalent of iTunes for independent musicians; there, the hosting site takes 15 cents per dollar, and the band earns 85 cents. Given the smaller fanbase indie musicians have, this huge spike in profits is required to stay on an even playing field. This also means, however, that pirating an indie album worth $10 is equal to pirating nine mainstream albums worth $10 in terms of revenue for the band.(Rossmure)
Another very basic issue surrounding the debate of piracy is one of digital ownership, or the possession of a product which contains no substance and is purely data, such as an MP3 music file or an e-book. In 2009, Amazon thrust itself right into the middle of this debate by removing George Orwell’s books “1984” and “Animal Farm” from their e-book library, deleting them off any Amazon products that had the files, and refunding the cost. While this sounds rational, the fact remains that Amazon deleted products that were purchased and rightfully belonged to the customers, which raised a major issue; is online content purchased from major online retailers actually owned by the customer, or is it merely being borrowed for a nondescript amount of time before they decide to take it away? Melissa Perenson from PCWorld poses a scary thought about the consequences actions like this can mean for the future, stating, “What happens if a controversial book comes out, and a publisher decides to remove it from distribution? Or, a book is banned for whatever reason -- as happened in parts of the world with The Satanic Verses? Neither is a common scenario, but both are examples of the control we, as owners, can potentially lose over the content we've purchased in the digital realm. With physical content, no one, even a disgruntled copyright owner, can take away what you've paid for.” If publishers or distributors decide that a certain material isn’t suitable for public viewing, they can simply delete it under the guise of protection, whether it is because the book is banned, or the book is discontinued.
This issue pertains heavily to musicians as well, in the form of DRM-locked media.  First passed by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA), digital rights management (DRM) is a way for content creators/distributors to lock down any unintended sale or use of their product. There are many faults with how the system works, however, and a basic act like creating a CD with DRM-infused media could trigger the DRM to lock up, preventing that file from ever being used again. Attempting to recover a file that has been locked is, by legal definition, piracy, and punishable as such. Fortunately, iTunes, the major distributor and former DRM user, has changed their ways, and very few distributors still use DRM-locked media, but it is still worthy of careful watch due to the severity of the issue.
One of the large ways independent artists, independent game designers and many other people are dealing with piracy include a new website called Kickstarter. On Kickstarter, an individual or group posts a monetary goal that they want to meet, and set a deadline. The individual also sets up “milestones,” points where if you donate that amount of money to their cause, they will reward you with ever-increasing goods. The prizes can range from a variety of things, from an early download of the album at a $10 donation, to having the band play a private concert in your house for $6000. Many independent musicians are setting goals on Kickstarter and putting the names of everyone who donated $25 or more in their “Special Thanks” section of the album lyrics/art book. “When people can contribute and have recognition for it on what they contributed to, it makes them feel very proud, and from our experience, likely to buy our albums more, or donate more money the next time we try it again,” states a second anonymous band, emphasizing the connection that indie bands have with their fans.(Kickstarter)
Other ways independent bands have been combating piracy is through a method aptly named “Name Your Price” sales, where the band puts their album on sale for a minimum of one cent, and people can insert their own price, whether that price is the minimum of one cent, or more than the recommended price of $10. Andrew Benjamin, member of a band that subscribes to this method of album sales, believes it can work, stating, “Some people insist on paying more for our music than we ask. Hopefully these things will balance, even on a larger scale.” (Rossmure)
As stated previously, the indie musicians are hurt the most by one act of piracy, but there are a multitude of factors that determine the group most often hit by piracy. The biggest issue arising from the debate over piracy, however, is the topic of digital ownership, the idea behind owning something that does not tangibly exist in your own physical hands. Can something that one doesn’t own a physical copy of be considered their own, or is it, as Perenson put it in her essay, simply borrowing it at a set price? If it is possible to own something without possessing it, does that give one the right to try to keep it in the instance of a computer failure? These questions currently have no answer, and the future must define it so that basic ownership rights are defended.

Multimedia:
http://s3.amazonaws.com/infobeautiful2/selling_out_550.png
Word file I'll attach in the email

Sources:
Rossmure, Mark. "Skull and Trombones: Music Piracy's Effect on the Independent Musician." Steampunk Chronicle. N.p., Feb. 2012. Web.
"Piracy." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/piracy>.
Necochea, Alex. "What Happened to Bang Camaro?" Weblog post. MySpace. Bang Camaro, n.d. Web. <http://www.myspace.com/bangcamaro/blog/539159764>.
Kickstarter homepage
McCandless, David. "How Much Do Music Artists Earn Online?" How Much Do Music Artists Earn Online? N.p., 13 Apr. 2010. Web. 
Raustiala, Kal, and Chris Sprigman. "How Much Do Music and Movie Piracy Really Hurt the U.S. Economy?" Freakonomics ». N.p., 12 Jan. 2012. Web. 
Koebler, Jason. "Report: Album Piracy May Help Musicians Sell." US News. U.S.News & World Report, 29 May 2012. Web

Final Reflection on the Class, Essay, etc.



So I genuinely have no idea what this final reflection is supposed to be about. As such, I’ll use it to detail what I thought of the course as a whole, the inclusion of the blog, the final essay, and the work it took to get here.

I felt that the course as a whole was excellent, if a little slow for my tastes. Constant trips to the library to do things I felt were unnecessary, or had already done in previous English courses, made it feel like sometimes I wasn’t progressing in the slightest towards the ultimate goal of having an 8-12 page essay done by the end of the quarter. Also, often peer review ended up becoming a simple “So THAT’S what I need to do!” group discussion, where everyone just states that they understand what went wrong with how they approached it and understand what needs to be done in order to improve the essay being reviewed at that time, but that’s not here or there.

The inclusion of a blog felt like a way of getting a free third class in without having to actually teach, which if I ever become a teacher, I am definitely using at some point. In all seriousness, the reflection made me think deeper about some of my sources/issues, etc., and actually got me to search a little more than I normally would for an essay, which I suppose is a rather big plus. The negative is that, being a twice-per-week class, with the second class being on Wednesday, I often forgot to do the blog, which explains why I have so many new posts on here on the last day of grading for it. I feel like the blog could have worked a lot better in a five day class, with a reminder on Friday that there is a blog due by midnight, though that is just my personal opinion.

The final essay was a bitch. I’m not a fan of argumentative essays, or essays in general; I much prefer creative writing, expressing the imagination through a sequence of words (hence the blog name). Sitting down, researching for five hours, and typing a report based on those five hours of researching is not my forte and it will never be. It also doesn’t help I’m incredibly lazy and don’t like researching for any amount of time.

For what it’s worth, the course was well designed to flow naturally towards making the final essay as painless as possible for an 8 page essay. There’s not really much more I can say about it, having never been a teacher myself.

EDIT: I should really learn to read e-mails before I write blog posts. As an argumentative writer, I feel my peak has become a plateau, ever since freshman year of high school when I actually learned how to write an essay rather than just throw words on paper and call it good. Ever since that eye-opening moment when I realized I had no clue what I was doing when it came to writing essays, and my subsequent improvement in that same class period, very little has impacted either my writing style or my outlook when entering write mode. If I ever took a class that revolutionized my writing like that one class over four years ago, I think I would be shell-shocked to the point of needed to be institutionalized.

Rough Outline



This band is one that I heard on a recommendation from my friend who shall remain nameless. He torrented their work and I was so moved by them I bought their album. I now rub it in his face because he can’t get a copy of it.

A quick outline of my argument is probably difficult to come up with on the spot, or even after about an hour of thinking. First, a definition must be made; not only of piracy, but also of independent music, mainstream music, and many other terms related to the online distribution of music, like DRM-locked media and digital ownership. Many people get these terms confused, and often switch some of them with each other, leading to the ironically hilarious news articles, or even news broadcasts if a news network editor doesn’t catch the mistake either. On top of all those intro definitions, I’ll need to detail why piracy is such a bad thing in the first place, because some people can’t make the connection that downloading music for free is illegal and stealing. As much as I was kidding, I’ve met people who sincerely believed that torrenting was perfectly legal. Another key definition is lost sales, what they specifically mean to the industry, how piracy causes them, and how piracy doesn’t cause them.

With all the definitions out of the way, I can begin comparing the impact of piracy on independent musicians as compared to mainstream musicians, the easiest and most apt comparison available; pirating e-books does happen, but in such limited quantities because they’re almost all universally direct downloaded in one file that can’t be uploaded anywhere else, short of copying word-for-word everything in the book into a Word file, while video games and movies make such insane amounts of revenue they are in a league of their own counting or discounting piracy. Comparisons can be made for their attempts to counter piracy; mainstream music, largely the record labels, push forward bills causing the definition of piracy to be wider than the Grand Canyon, while indie musicians work around it and accept that piracy happens. If it sounds like I’m biased, I slightly am, being an indie musician and having put content on YouTube, if SOPA/PIPA passed, I would be in jail presently.

Extended Analysis



The extended analysis led me to understand that just because an article has a title that is relevant to a discussion doesn't mean that it can hold too much weight upon critical inspection, or just inspection deeper than just casual reading. I think the biggest part of realizing that was probably when I noticed that the essay had a severe independent bias, and upon researching the author a little more, he was part of a self-quoted “proud independent movement in the musical scene.” I probably should have researched who the author was while writing the analysis, as it’s pretty darn important to make sure your sources aren’t biased, but when it’s clearly biased like that, the fact that he kept a somewhat neutral discussion point is actually fairly astounding to me. I know I could never write a remotely fair analysis of how record companies do business, because I’ve seen the fine print in some of those deals, and my personal experience doesn’t allow me to be fair to them. I can definitely use the article in my essay still, because the quotes are important stuff, and the narration, while a bias is present, is overall fairly balanced, and that’s the best an author can get in most instances.

The big question about any essay: why does this matter, and who does it impact? It impacts anyone interested in making music, as piracy is generally assumed to the biggest money-loser in the online industry. This matters because anyone interested in being a musician for a career has to worry about their work being illegally copied and downloaded by hundreds of people, which usually results in hundreds of lost sales. For an independent musician, hundreds of lost sales could result in a foreclosure, or worse; bankruptcy. For mainstream musicians, piracy is less of an issue because they make most of their money from touring, selling thousands of tickets, and while I don’t know the exact distribution of funds with those, I know that it’s significant enough that it makes up for how little they make per record.

Friday, May 4, 2012

Reflection Thusfar



Upon starting my research, my topic had already flailed wildly around from various points of interest from psychological, sociological, musical, and idolization of Trent Reznor. Having set my current topic in a shallow pool of water, I treaded forward, uncaring of how much of a diversion this initial search of “music and the internet” would be from my final decision on my topic. I needed somewhere to start. Once I started my search, Google brought up scholarly sources as the first result, leading me to a new section of Google with only peer-reviewed sources to choose from. Naturally, I was inclined to choose this topic, and I did so at speeds faster than the Blue Angels.

As the gods would have it, though, “music and the internet” is far too large an issue to discuss, as everything can be broken down into far simpler subjects. There is the issue of piracy, which could fill an entire library with its inherent complexity; the issue of DRM-locked media, which thankfully has ended (in the case of mainstream online music providers such as iTunes at least); the issue of copyrighted material on YouTube and similar video hosting sites, and far, far more issues. Having only realized this post-initial research, I bashed my head into my desk for a few minutes before having a novel idea; I should probably stop doing that.

After a few minutes of not bashing my head into objects harder than it, the topic seemed clear; being a musician myself, I know how great the internet can be for helping people find unknown bands. Or I would if I had the equipment to record at a decent quality, but that’s not relevant. My focus would have to be on a group I consider myself a part of; the indie music scene. At this stage I still have yet to develop my topic past that, but where I am now is definitely farther ahead than where I was when I was bashing my head against a desk.

Monday, April 30, 2012

Annotated Bibliography Part 1



Altinkemer, Kemal, and Subhajyoti Bandyopadhyay. "Bundling and Distribution of Digitized Music Over the Internet." Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce. 18 Nov. 2009. Web. 29 Apr. 2012

 This article discusses the idea of the distribution of a mass media, in this case music, through technological means rather than physical means. It discusses and presents arguments about the benefits of individual and bundle purchases of music tracks and the varying mindset between customers that decide whether or not they choose to get the individual or the bundle pack. This could be potentially useful, but as of now I believe I will have to write a separate paragraph to fit this in, so I don't believe it will make it in to my essay.

Jones, Steve. "Music and the Internet." Popular Music. Cambridge University, 11 Dec. 2000. Web. 28 Apr. 2012.

There is a lot jammed into this 14 page article, and I believe most of it can be used to some extent in my argument. It goes into a number of basics for how technology works with music these days, discussing his previous statements before going into a more detailed description of what the online music industry does, and how technology, specifically the Internet, has impacted the industry as a whole, and takes the viewpoints of many separate groups in this article, such as the bands, the fans, and the record companies, and reveals many things I believe will prove very useful in forming my argument as well as coming up with ideas should I get stuck in writing.

D'Astous, Alain, Francois Colbert, and Daniel Montpetit. "Music Piracy on the Web – How Effective Are Anti-Piracy Arguments? Evidence From the Theory of Planned Behaviour." Journal of Consumer Policy. Springer, Mar. 2005. Web. 29 Apr. 2012

This article presents an analysis of the illegal download, or piracy, of music on the Internet. It details the consequences that individuals face for downloading music, the inherent problems artists face when people do illegally download their music, and the unethical nature of the crime. I believe this will have a good impact on my essay as this is one of the big issues I believed would go against my claim, because without the Internet, pirating simply doesn't exist. As it stands though, I believe this essay could provide me with well thought out arguments that prove why the Internet isn't good for the music industry and cause me to think a good amount about this essay. 

Jones, Steve, and Amanda Lenhart. "Music Downloading and Listening: Findings from the Pew Internet and American Life Project." Popular Music and Society. Bowling Green, June 2004. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.

This article deals with the piracy on the internet, presenting both sides fairly, and is overall a very interesting read. Probably the best part for my essay was when they went into detail of people who taped songs that were playing on the radio or at live performances so they wouldn't have to pay for new music. The total averaged about 1/3 Americans took part in this act, showing that piracy wasn't an issue the Internet brought about, but that it was always in our culture to try and get music for free. I believe that this will have a great impact on my essay.

 Styven, Maria. "The Intangibility of Music in the Internet Age." Popular Music and Society. Taylor & Francis, 17 Feb. 2007. Web. 28 Apr. 2012.

This article deals with the issue of advertising for music in an age where most of it is bought through technological means rather than physical means. The article deals with how the music providers deal with such an intangibility, as well as the whole aspect of owning the music, while not having the music. I believe this could come in handy at some point, but similarly to a previous article, I don't think that it will have much of an impact if it does get in my essay at all. I'd need to force it in which is something I don't like trying to do with my sources.

Friday, April 27, 2012

Logical Fallacy




A logical fallacy I have come face to face with in real life was when my parents always backed up their arguments with “Because I said so!” That never sat well with me; firstly, there was no concrete reason behind why they denied me having what I wanted (which, looking back on it, was quite a lot more than I needed), and secondly, because I caught on that it was a way for my parents to say that the argument was over when they couldn’t keep going. Whether that reason was because of something I wouldn’t understand or they realized they were wrong but didn’t want to give up their beliefs, I don’t know and I’ll likely never know. This lack of knowledge as a child forced me to become cynical of my parents, and as a result, of most of the rest of the world. When you can’t trust your own parents to tell you the truth, who can you trust? It’s a vicious cycle of hatred and disgust which I was in for a period of about three years. It was terrible, made only worse with trying to deal with personal issues that were going on, and getting through it was probably the hardest part of my life to this point, and I’d be shocked if there’s any period of time which was as hard as that, where being cynical and bitter in conjunction with personal issues cause me to actually take a step back and evaluate my outlook on life and my lifestyle. Once I realized the cycle I was in, one where my life at home affected my life in school which affected my life at home, I was able to make myself better and remove myself from it my final year of high school, but it didn’t change the fact I was stuck in the cycle in the first place, and that high school was just a state of constant anger and depression. The one place I was safe was in my music, which was a callback to the time before this silly hatred of everything and before everything was bringing me down, and the music I wrote in high school reflected that. I can go back and read the lyrics, listen to what I wrote and I still am shocked at the state of mind I was in, how terrible of a shape my mind was in.

That actually turned very intospective; I think I lost track of what I was supposed to be writing about. Oh well.